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Section 10.1 The Homotopy Lifting Property

Definition 10.1.

A map \(p \colon E \to B\) has the homotopy lifting property (HLP) with respect to a space \(X\) if for every map \(\widetilde{f} \colon X \to E\) and every homotopy \(H \colon X \times I \to B\) with \(H(-,0) = p \circ \widetilde{f}\text{,}\) there exists a homotopy \(\widetilde{H} \colon X \times I \to E\) with \(\widetilde{H}(-,0) = \widetilde{f}\) and \(p \circ \widetilde{H} = H\text{.}\) That is, every solid diagram
admits a filler \(\widetilde{H}\text{.}\)

Remark 10.2.

Using the compact-open topology on mapping spaces, the HLP can also be expressed by the following diagram. A lift is a map \(\widetilde H\colon X\to E^I\) making both triangles commute:
Here \(p_*\) means composition with \(p\text{,}\) and \(H\colon X\to B^I\) is the adjoint of the given homotopy.

Definition 10.3.

A map \(p \colon E \to B\) is a Hurewicz fibration if it has the HLP with respect to every space. It is a Serre fibration if it has the HLP with respect to every disk \(D^n\text{.}\)
Every Hurewicz fibration is a Serre fibration. Serre fibrations suffice for everything in this lecture, and they are the fibrations in the model structure on spaces that we will meet in Chapter 12.

Example 10.4.

Covering maps \(p \colon \widetilde{X} \to X\) have the HLP with respect to every space by Lemma 2.9, so they are Hurewicz fibrations. Moreover, the lift \(\widetilde{H}\) is unique. For general fibrations lifts need not be unique.

Definition 10.5.

A map \(p \colon E \to B\) has the HLP for the pair \((X, A)\) if every solid diagram
admits a filler \(\widetilde{H}\text{.}\)

Proof.

Sketch. (i) \(\Leftrightarrow\) (ii) because the pairs
\begin{equation*} (D^n \times I,\; D^n \times \{0\}) \quad\text{and}\quad \bigl(D^n \times I,\; (D^n \times \{0\}) \cup (S^{n-1} \times I)\bigr) \end{equation*}
are homeomorphic: in both cases the subspace is an \(n\)-disk in the boundary sphere of the \((n+1)\)-disk \(D^n \times I\text{.}\) A homeomorphism of \(D^n \times I\) carrying one subspace onto the other turns each kind of lifting problem into the other.
(ii) \(\Rightarrow\) (iii) by induction over the relative skeleta \(X^{(k)} = A \cup X_k\text{.}\) A lift on \((X \times \{0\}) \cup (X^{(k-1)} \times I)\) extends over each \(e \times I\text{,}\) where \(e\) is a relative \(k\)-cell, by the HLP for \((D^k, S^{k-1})\) applied to its characteristic map. This is the same argument as for the HEP in Lemma 7.20, Lemma 7.21, Lemma 7.22.
(iii) \(\Rightarrow\) (iv) by taking \(A = \varnothing\text{,}\) and (iv) \(\Rightarrow\) (i) since \(D^n\) is a CW complex.

Remark 10.7.

We will use the following cubical form of (ii). If \(P \subseteq \partial I^m\) is the union of all faces of the cube \(I^m\) except one, then \((I^m, P) \cong (I^{m-1} \times I, I^{m-1} \times \{0\})\text{.}\) So for a Serre fibration, a lift prescribed on all but one face of a cube extends over the whole cube.

Definition 10.8.

Given a fibration \(p \colon E \to B\text{,}\) we call \(B\) the base space, \(E\) the total space, and \(F_b := p^{-1}(b)\) the fibre over \(b \in B\text{.}\)
For a covering map every fibre is discrete.